Vitamin A Technical Details
Introduction
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is important for vision, bone growth and cell division.
Vitamin A consists of Retinol from animal sources, and Provitamin A Carotenoids from plant sources.
Retinol is referred to as pre-formed vitamin A. This means that it can be used directly by the body.
Provitamin A Carotenoids are Vitamin A precursors. This means that they are converted to Vitamin A by the body. However, conversion of the carotenoids is less efficient than that of retinol.
The Provitamin A Carotenoids are beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopein, lutein and zeaxanthin (lutein and zeaxanthin are combined in the current database). The carotenoids are responsible for the red and yellow pigments of plants.
A unit called Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) is used to compare the Vitamin A activity of the different forms of Vitamin A. 1 μg (microgram) of retinol is equivalent to 1 μg RAE. However it takes 12 μg beta-carotene to equal 1 μg RAE, and 24 μg of the other carotenoids to equal 1 μg RAE. The following table summarizes the conversion of vitamin A values to RAE:
Nutrient | μg | μg RAE |
Retinol | 1 | 1 |
Beta-carotene | 12 | 1 |
Alpha-carotene | 24 | 1 |
Beta-cryptoxanthin | 24 | 1 |
Lycopene | 24 | 1 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin | 24 | 1 |
Historical Measures of Vitamin A
Previously, a unit called International Units (IU) was used to describe Vitamin A activity. However, at the time International Units for Vitamin A were defined (1989), it was thought that beta-carotene was half as concentrated as retinol (beta-carotene is now considered to be only 1/12 as concentrated as retinol).
Because of this, Vitamin A measurements expressed as IU tend to over-state the contribution of the provitamin A carotenoids. The following table summarizes the conversion of Vitamin A values to IU:
Nutrient | μg | IU |
Retinol | .3 | 1 |
Beta-carotene | .6 | 1 |
Alpha-carotene | 1.2 | 1 |
Beta-cryptoxanthin | 1.2 | 1 |
Lycopene | 1.2 | 1 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin | 1.2 | 1 |
When it was determined that IU tended to overstate the contribution of the provitamin A carotenoids, a new unit called Retinol Equivalents (RE) was defined to describe the new values. At the time beta-carotene was thought to be 1/6 as concentrated as retinol. The following table describes the conversion of vitamin A values to RE:
Nutrient | μg | RE |
Retinol | 1 | 1 |
Beta-carotene | 6 | 1 |
Alpha-carotene | 12 | 1 |
Beta-cryptoxanthin | 12 | 1 |
Lycopene | 12 | 1 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin | 12 | 1 |
In 2001, the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (NAS IOM) determined that Vitamin A activity from carotenoids is only half of what was previously believed. To account for this difference, and to avoid confusion, the new unit Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) was defined. Retinol Equivalents (RE) are no longer used.
The following table summarizes the relationship between the different measures:
Nutrient | μg | μg RE | μg RAE | IU |
Retinol | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.33 |
Beta-carotene | 12 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
Alpha-carotene | 24 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
Beta-cryptoxanthin | 24 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
Lycopene | 24 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin | 24 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
IU Details
The RDI (Reference Daily Intake) for Vitamin A for US 1994-style labels is 5000 IU. However, IU is an inaccurate measure of vitamin A activity because it overstates the contributions of the provitamin A carotenoids (by a factor of 6).
The US and Canada RDI for Vitamin A was changed to 900 RAE for 2016-style labels.
Because the conversion of IU to RAE is different for retinol and the carotenoids, you cannot convert IU to RAE (or RAE to IU) for Total Vitamin A unless you know the proportion of retinol to carotenoids in the sample.
For example, knowing that you have 40 IU of Total Vitamin A is not enough information to determine how much retinol and carotenoids you have. 40 IU of Total Vitamin A can come from 12 μg RAE of retinol, or from 2 μg RAE of carotenoids, or from 6 μg RAE retinol plus 1 μg RAE carotenoids, or from many other combinations of retinol and carotenoids. The following table summarizes:
Sample Values | IU | Total μg RAE |
12 μg RAE Retinol | 40 | 12 |
2 μg RAE Beta-carotene | 40 | 2 |
6 μg RAE Retinol + μg RAE Beta-Carotene | 40 | 7 |
Entering Retinol or Carotenoids Values
When you enter RAE for retinol or any of the carotenoids, nutraCoster automatically calculates the IU and %RDI values for the nutrient.
When you enter IU for retinol or any of the carotenoids, nutraCoster automatically calculates the RAE and %RDI values for the nutrient.
When you enter %RDI for retinol or any of the carotenoids, nutraCoster automatically calculates the RAE and IU values for the nutrient.
When you change any of the values for retinol or any of the carotenoids, nutraCoster checks the Total Vitamin A value. If the Total Vitamin A value was the sum of the retinol and carotene values before the change, nutraCoster recalculates the Total Vitamin A value to be the sum of the new retinol and carotenoids values.
If the Total Vitamin A value was not the sum of the retinol and carotenoids values before the change, nutraCoster does not update the Total Vitamin A value.
Entering Total Vitamin A Values
When you enter Total Vitamin A values for RAE, IU or %RDI, nutraCoster cannot calculate the values for retinol or the carotenoids unless it knows the proportions of retinol and carotenoids (see the section IU Details above for why this is so).
When you enter RAE for Total Vitamin A, nutraCoster checks to see if the Total Vitamin A RAE value was the sum of the retinol and carotenoids RAE values before the change. If so, nutraCoster recalculates the retinol and carotenoids RAE values so the sum of the values is equal to the new Total Vitamin A RAE value, while keeping the proportions the same
If nutraCoster recalculates the retinol and/or carotenoids RAE values as a result of a change to the Total Vitamin A RAE value, it will also recalculate the IU and %RDI values for the retinol and carotenoids.
Finally, nutraCoster will recalculate the IU and %RDI values of Total Vitamin A based on the new values for retinol and carotenoids.
Example: Suppose you have 80 μg RAE Total Vitamin A, which is composed of 60 μg RAE retinol and 20 μg RAE total carotenoids. The following table lists the values for the example:
Nutrient | μg RAE | IU | %RDI |
Total Vitamin A | 80 | 600 | 12% |
Retinol | 60 | 200 | 4% |
Total Carotenoids | 20 | 400 | 8% |
Now change the Total Vitamin A RAE to 120 μg RAE. nutraCoster performs the following steps:
- Total Vitamin A RAE was the sum of the retinol and carotenoids values, so nutraCoster increases retinol and carotenoids proportionally to 90 μg RAE and 30 μg RAE.
- The new value of 90 μg RAE for retinol converts to 300 IU and 6 %RDI.
- The new value of 30 μg RAE for carotenoids converts to 600 IU and 12 %RDI.
- Using the new IU and %RDI values, Total Vitamin A is now 900 IU and 18 %RDI.
- The following table shows the results after the change:
Nutrient | Μg RAE | IU | %RDI |
Total Vitamin A | 120 | 900 | 18% |
Retinol | 90 | 300 | 6% |
Total Carotenoids | 30 | 600 | 12% |
nutraCoster performs a similar series of steps when you enter IU or %RDI values for Total Vitamin A.
Carotenoid Details
When you enter or change a value for Total Carotenoids, nutraCoster checks to see if the Total Carotenoids value was equal to the sum of the individual Provitamin A Carotenoids before the change. If it was, nutraCoster recalculates the individual carotenoid values so the sum of the values equals the new Total Carotenoids value, while keeping the proportions the same.
When you enter or change a value for any of the individual carotenoids, nutraCoster checks to see if the Total Carotenoids value was equal to the sum of the individual Provitamin A Carotenoids before the change. If so,nutraCoster adjusts the Total Carotenoids value to equal the sum of the individual carotenoid values after the change.